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ماه رمضان در ایران باستان

روزه داری در آیین ایرانیان زرتشتی و ریشه های باستانی آداب ایرانیان درمراسم ماه رمضان

روزه داری در آیین ایرانیان زرتشتی

در آیین زرتشت، زرتشتیان باید در سه بخش معنوی شنوایی، اندیشه و احساس همیشه روزه باشند، به آن معنا که از طریق این سه حس از نیکی دور نشوند و اندیشه و احساس و شنوایی آنها همواره سرشار از نیکی باشد، اما مؤمنان رزتشتی به منظور عدم افراط در تناول گوشت حیوانات روزهای دوم و دوازدهم و چهاردهم و بیست و یکم هر ماه خورشیدی از خوردن گوشت پرهیز می کنند. همچنین زرتشتیان پس از مرگ یکی از نزدیکان، به مدت سه شب از پختن یا خوردن گوشت پرهیز می کنند.

ریشه های باستانی  آداب ایرانیان درمراسم  ماه رمضان

شگفتی ایرانیان این بوده و هست که ریشه های باستانی باورهای  خود را در هر شرایطی حفظ می کنند و آداب و فرهنگ پسندیده  خود را در هر مقطعی با لباس جدید حفظ می نمایند.

بدون شک پسندیده بودن و نیک بودن این آداب بوده که باعث پذیرش آنها از سوی اقوام مختلفی شده که هر از چند گاه ایران را به تسخیر خود در آورده اند. اگر میترائیسم با لشگریان رومی به اروپا میرود ،باورهای پارسی در نزد اعراب فاتح باقی میماند ترکان خوارزمی زبان ایرانی می یابند  و مغولان شمنی به دیانت اسلام در می آیند ، همه و همه از توانایی و نیکی فرهنگ و باورهای پارسی است که در هر شرایطی ققنوس وار از خاکستر حوادث بر می خیزد.

 در تعامل باورهای باستانی ایران و دیانت اسلام ، آداب و رسوم ایرانی ماه رمضان از جمله این امورهستند که علاوه بر سرزمین ایران در برخی دیگر از مناطق مسلمان نشین نیز منتشر شده اند و در نوع خود جالب توجه هستند .

یکی از این آیین ها  “نقاره زنی” در شب حلول ماه رمضان یکی از  این سنت ها است که بر طبق شواهد تاریخی  از دوران  باستان در ایران  رواج داشته و پس از ورود اعراب به ایران رنگ و بوی اسلامی به خود گرفته است. مراسمی که  با زدن طبل  همراه است .

دکتر “اردشیر صالح پور” مدرس دانشگاه هنر درباره سنت “نقاره زنی” می گوید: “سنت نقاره زنی به ایران باستان باز می گردد، حرمت و تقدس خورشید همواره برای ایرانیان مد نظر بوده و هر گاه هنگام غروب خورشید به چاهسار مغرب فرو می رفته همواره از بیم این که مبادا برنیاید، تشویشی در دل آنها ایجاد می شد و برای ازدیاد نور و برکت خورشید، شروع به نقاره زنی می کردند. بعدها همواره در کسوف و خسوف هم بر طبل های برنجی می کوفتند و این تصور عامیانه را داشتند که خورشید در خلق اژدهای شب فرو رفته و شب دارد او را می بلعد.”

وی با اشاره به تاریخ و  قدمت برگزاری این مراسم از قول هرودوت، مورخ یونانی می افزاید: “نقاره زنی به هنگام جنگ یکی از سنت های رایج هخامنشیان بوده و در دوره ساسانیان با کرنا نوازی همراه بوده است. پس از اسلام، دیلمیان اولین حکومت اسلامی هستند که خلفای بغداد را وادار می کنند از آیین نقاره نوازی به گاه اذان و شامگاه و صبحگاه استفاده کنند و این نخستین آمیزه فرهنگ ایرانی و اسلامی است. این سنت تداوم پیدا می کند و این دو نوبت نوازی (شامگاه و صبحگاه) به سه نوبت و چهار و پنج نوبت می رسد” .

 دکتر صالح پور با اشاره به این که این سنت تا قرن دهم کم کم فراموش شد، به احیای مجدد آن در دوره صفویان اشاره می کند و می افزاید: “در دوره صفویان که یک حکومت مذهبی سر کار می آید از نقاره زنی برای تهییج لشگر استفاده می شود. در دوره قاجار شاهد توجه جدی به نقاره زنی هستیم که در میدان ارگ سلطنتی ناصرالدین شاه سر در نقاره ای است که آن جا نقاره می نواختند”

مصرف شیرینی و خصوصا”  زولبیا و بامیه یکی دیگر از آداب ایرانیان در ماه رمضان است که در برخی کشورهای دیگر نیز تکرار می شود .

میدانیم که یزد مرکز شیرینی ایران و در عین حال از دیرپای ترین نقاط زرتشتی نشین این سرزمین است که بسیاری از شیرینی های استفاده شده در جشن ها و سفره های زرتشتی در این شهر به یادگار مانده اند.

برخی از شیرینی‌های معروف و خوشمزه یزدی عبارت اند از: باقلوا، لوز بیدمشک، لوز پسته، لوز نارگیل، قطاب، پشمک، نان برنجی و حاجی بادام و زولبیا و گوش‌فیل که از این میان زولبیا و گوش فیل در ماه رمضان مرسوم شده اند و در انتقال به سایر نقاط ایران بامیه پزی  نیز به این شیرینی اضافه شده است .

در گذشته در ایران رسم بوده که پس از افطار، مردم به دید و بازدید هم  می رفتند  و گاهی تا وقت سحر دور هم می نشستند  و تنقلاتی مانند رنگینک،  زولبیا و بامیه می خورند.رسمی که زندگی ماشینی امروز و گرفتاریهای شغلی آنرا کم رنگ نموده است .

در شیراز،که از دیگر مناطق باستانی ایران محسوب می شود رسم بوده که  خانواده هایی که دختری را شوهر داده باشند، در اولین ماه رمضان پس از عروسی، خود را موظف می دانند تا افطاری کاملی به نام “روز والون” تهیه کنند و همراه با گلی برای عروس بفرستند.

 “رمضان خوانی”  یا  “الله رمضونی”   نیز یکی از سرگرمی های بچه ها و جوانان در ایام ماه مبارک رمضان در برخی از مناطق کشور است .

در خراسان کودکان و نوجوانان در ایام ماه رمضان در گروه های مختلف و تحت سرپرستی یک نفر به در منازل می روند و با خواندن شعرهایی، از صاحب خانه تقاضای شیرینی و خوردنی می کنند، شعرهایی که در این مراسم خوانده می شود به نام “رمضانی”  مشهور است و معمولا توسط سرگروه خوانده می شود .

مردم گیلان نیز آداب خاصی برای ماه رمضان دارند . توجه داشته باشیم که گیلان و مازندران یا همان دیلم و طبرستان از مناطقی هستند که تا مدتها لشگریان عرب موفق به تصرف آن نشدند و باورهای ایرانی در آن باقی ماند و پس از آن نیز همواره مامن و ماوای سادات شیعی بوده اند .

 در گیلان  چند روز قبل آغاز ماه رمضان با روزه دارى به پیشوازاین ماه مى روند که در اصطلاح محلى به آن آیین “پیشاشو”   گفته می شود. درماه رمضان سفره خانواده هاى گیلانى نیز نسبت به ماههاى دیگر سال تغییرمى کند و غذاهاى مقوى جاى غذاهاى کم پروتئین را می گیرد.

 بسیارى از خانواده هاى گیلانى در این ماه براى افطار یک نوع شیرینى محلى تهیه می کنندکه به آن “رشته و خوشکار” می گویند. در پخت این نوع شیرینى ازآرد برنج ، شکر ، مغز گردو و ادویه جات معطر استفاده می شود و استفاده ازآن به دلیل برخوردارى از گلوکز و پروتئین گیاهى موجود در مغر گردو بسیار نیرو بخش است.

 غذاهای ماه رمضان در هر گوشه از ایران زمین، مردم هر خطه در ماه رمضان، غذاهای خاصی می پزند و برای افطار و سحر تدارک ویژه ای می بینند. تناول غذا و برگزاری این ماه با جشن و شادمانی تکرار سنت شادخواهی باستانی ایرانی در دیانت اسلام است و اشتراکات زیبایی از باورهای اهورایی ایرانیان باستان با سنت های ربانی اسلام را به نمایش می گذارد.

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