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نگاهی به زندگانی امام محمد تقی (ع)

پردیس فناوری کیش_طرح ملی مشاوره متخصصین صنعت و مدیریت_گروه فرهنگ ،یادگیری و رقابت:

به مناسبت شهادت امام محمد تقي علیه السلام در این گزارش نگاهی به زندگی ایشان خواهیم داشت؛

ولادت

نهمین امام شیعیان نام مبارکش محمد است و القاب و کنیه‌های فراوانی دارد؛ مشهورترین لقبش جواد و هادی است و معروف‌ترین کنیه‌اش ابوجعفر.

امام جواد علیه السلام در ۱۰ ماه رجب سال ۱۹۵ هجری قمری در مدینه چشم به دنیا گشود. پیشگویی ولادت آن امام از زبان پدر بزرگوارش چندین بار مطرح شده بود. ولادت امام جواد همچون ولادت سایر ائمه معصومین علیهم السلام با ویژگی‌های مخصوصی همراه بوده است. مادر بزرگوار امام جواد علیه السلام خیزران نام دارد؛ زنی از خاندان ماریه قبطیّه یکی از همسران رسول خدا صلی الله علیه و آله.

دوران امامت امام محمد تقی (ع)

دوران کودکی امام جواد علیه السلام از دوران شیرخوارگی تا زمانی که در سن هفت سالگی به امامت رسید، با حوادث گوناگون آمیخته است. با شهادت امام رضا علیه السلام و به امامت رسیدن امام جواد در سن کودکی، یکی از موضوعاتی که حتی برخی از یاران امام هشتم را دچار شک و تردید کرد، کم‌ سن‌ و‌ سالی امام جواد جهت مقام امامت بود. به همین دلیل در مواردی امام رضا علیه السلام و در موارد دیگری، خود امام جواد به تبیین آن پرداختند و به شبهه‌ها پاسخ گفتند.

اگر چه امام جواد علیه السلام نسبت به سایر امامان در سن بسیار کمی به امامت رسید، اما دوران هفده ساله‌ی امامت او، دورانی نسبتاً طولانی و پر حادثه است.

جایگاه امام نزد خدا

امام جواد علیه السلام به دلیل قابلیت و لیاقت و بهره‌مندی از موهبت الهی از جایگاهی رفیع در پیشگاه خداوند، پیامبر اکرم، پدر بزرگوارش و تمام کسانی که بهره‌ای از شناخت امام دارند برخوردار است. اگر چه دشمنان دین و حاکمان معاصر امامان معصوم علیهم السلام همواره در مقام توطئه و سرکوب و تحقیر آنان بوده اند، اما حقانیت و صداقت و نورانیت امامان شیعه پیوسته نقشه‌های دشمنان را خنثی و بی‌تأثیر می‌ساخته است و در برخی موارد، حتی دشمنان تحت تاثیر وجود پر برکت آنان قرار می‌گرفته‌اند.

ازدواج امام محمد تقی(ع) علیه السلام نیز با هوشمندی و درایت مخصوص‌به‌خود، در برخورد با حاکم ستمگر عباسی، مامون ، که قاتل پدرش امام رضا علیه السلام بود به گونه‌ای عمل نمود که مامون نیز افتخار خویش را در انتخاب او برای ازدواج با دخترش ((ام فضل (لبابه)|ام فضل ))می‌دید.

در دوران زندگی مشترک امام جواد علیه السلام با ام فضل (تا هنگام شهادت) حوادث گوناگونی اتفاق افتاده است.

مكتب علمى امام جواد علیه السلام

مي‏دانیم كه یكى از ابعاد بزرگ زندگى ائمه ، بعد فرهنگى آنها است. این پیشوایان بزرگ هركدام درعصر خود فعالیت فرهنگى داشته در مكتب خویش شاگردانى تربیت مى‏كردند و علوم و دانشهاى خود را توسط آنان در جامعه منتشر مى‏كردند، اما شرائط اجتماعى و سیاسى زمان آنان یكسان نبوده است، مثلا در زمان امام باقرعلیه السلام و امام صادق علیه السلام شرائط اجتماعى مساعد بود و به همین جهت دیدیم كه تعداد شاگردان و راویان حضرت صادق علیه السلام بالغ برچهار هزار نفر مى‏ شد، ولى از دوره امام جواد تا امام عسكرى علیه السلام به دلیل فشارهاى سیاسى و كنترل شدید فعالیت آنان از طرف دربار خلافت، شعاع فعالیت آنان بسیار محدود بود و ازاین‏ نظر تعداد راویان و پرورش یافتگان مكتب آنان نسبت ‏به زمان حضرت صادق علیه السلام كاهش بسیار چشمگیرى را نشان مي‏دهد.

بنابراین اگر مى‏خوانیم كه تعداد راویان و اصحاب حضرت جوادعلیه السلام قریب صد و ده نفر بوده‏اند و جمعا ۲۵۰ حدیث از آن حضرت نقل شده ، نباید تعجب كنیم، زیرا از یك سو، آن حضرت شدیدا تحت مراقبت و كنترل سیاسى بود و از طرف دیگر، زود به شهادت رسید و به اتفاق نظر دانشمندان بیش از بیست و پنج‏ سال عمر نكرد!

درعین حال، باید توجه داشت كه در میان همین تعداد محدود اصحاب و راویان آن حضرت، چهره‏هاى درخشان و شخصیتهاى برجسته‏اى مانند: على بن مهزیار، احمد بن محمد بن ابى نصر بزنطى، زكریا بن آدم، محمد بن اسماعیل بن بزیع، حسین بن سعید اهوازى، احمد بن محمد بن خالد برقى بودند كه هر كدام در صحنه علمى و فقهى وزنه خاصى به شمار مى‏رفتند، و برخى داراى تالیفات متعدد بودند.

از طرف دیگر، روایان احادیث امام جوادعلیه السلام تنها در محدثان شیعه خلاصه نمى ‏شوند، بلكه محدثان و دانشمندان اهل تسنن نیز معارف و حقایقى از اسلام را از آن حضرت نقل كرده‏اند. به عنوان نمونه «خطیب بغدادى‏» احادیثى با سند خود ازآن حضرت نقل كرده است. هم چنین حافظ «عبد العزیز بن اخضر جنابذى‏» در كتاب «معالم العترة الطاهرة‏» و مؤلفانى نیز مانند: ابو بكر احمد بن ثابت، ابواسحاق ثعلبى، و محمد بن مندة بن مهربذ در كتب تاریخ و تفسیر خویش روایاتى از آن حضرت نقل كرده‏اند.

نتیجه تصویری برای شهادت امام محمد تقی علیه السلام

نحوه شهادت حضرت امام جواد

درباره آمد و شد امام در مدینه و احترام مردم نسبت به آن حضرت، اطلاعات مختصری در پاره ای از روایات آمده است.

فراخوانی آن حضرت به بغداد، در سال ۲۲۰، توسط معتصم عباسی، آن هم درست در همان اولین سال حکومت خود، نمی توانست بی ارتباط با جنبه های سیاسی قضیه باشد. به ویژه که درست همان سال که حضرت جواد علیه السلام به بغداد آمد، رحلت کرد؛ این در حالی بود که تنها ۲۵ سال از عمر شریفش می گذشت. عناد عباسیان با آل علی علیه السلام به ویژه با امام شیعیان که در آن زمان جمعیت متنابهی تابعیت مستقل آنها را پذیرفته بودند، شاهدی است بر توطئه حکومت در شهادت امام جواد علیه السلام. همچنین خواستن آن حضرت به بغداد و درگذشت وی در همان سال در بغداد، همگی شواهد غیرقابل انکاری بر شهادت آن بزرگوار به دست عوامل عباسی می باشد.

مرحوم شیخ مفید، با اشاره به روایتی درباره مسمومیت و شهادت امام جواد علیه السلام، رحلت آن حضرت را مشکوک دانسته است. بنا به روایت مستوفی، عقیده شیعه بر این است که معتصم آن حضرت را مسموم نموده است.

پاره ای از منابع اهل تسنن، اشاره بر این دارند که امام جواد علیه السلام به میل خود و برای دیداری از معتصم عازم بغداد شده است. در حالی که منابع دیگر، حاکی از آنند که معتصم به ابن زیات مأموریت داد تا کسی را برای آوردن امام به بغداد بفرستد. ابن صبّاغ نیز با عبارت«اِشخاص المعتصم له من المدینة»این مطلب را تأیید کرده است.

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